WPC ֆO'@uEsnڣ$ P T`1Gt _}>d7 cW/Tc"nlW,srI󼤤E#8q$f`AO=ʸ#;jw~.AuKQKO`3y2A<^HuE:VLc>_p 07Χ3ӷS9w y.M#`<]T\gʁRJK_趓JKa(t~;ڟk-9AaN+CXu>&`vmL sz\'pijUmr\yTRPmK${rfϗ9kÝ?aLWf(D0 ajgd %Gq|5Mss'̉FW#0h a2so̴KJAUN! %! 0:!U.N"UPj"U0"#" $7%w & 0& 0' 0g* 0D@+^ + 0+E, B,4,, /, 5- -I-bv-bz- ~-b-- 0u_.b/ 0/0 0t1 0S2 N30m3 0P6 07 0v8 0d9 04j9: m:b::bm> 0q> 0c?r @ 0B 0lC 0tE 9F 0F 0NGG G 1 H 3=H 0pH gI 9yI 0I?JJ 0dJSL 0hL 0fM 0 dN 0nO 0P 0Q 4S  PS 0ZSzU 0U 0W 0W (`Y YY 0ZJA\ &\\ *A] 0$k] 0^ (_d8_ 2`l` (:agba  a@a9b 6LdHdYd ;#g^gfCh 0h $[j *j ,j $j j kkE l (el DlMl (m 0Fmk:n 0n *@oVjo 09oOr LHs s 0s 0:zt 0t_t "Cu $eu`u *utv (vov ,wnJw Fwhw $fxHx :xA y 2Mymy 2y`z N~zUz ,!{XM{ H{ 0{| ,F}0r} <}N} .}~ 4~0~ >tR . 0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,(@ Z 6Times New Roman Regular-%UqZ 8EngrvrsOldEng Bd BT Bold) p`CG TimesCanon - Legal,,,,0 C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\PLFLEG~1\USSUPR~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\PLF Legal\US Supreme Court.wpt\t<|6Cap FooterFooter for caption0*0*%A)@ h+0PKE@ h+0PA  0*% (#(#8 XXdd8 &X&XXX  ؕ   X  |a6CrosshairsBoundary marks for commercial printer?'dE?A)dnEAA)`!dE`!AA)H"d EH"A?'v/dEv/?A).dE.AA)`!v/dE`!v/AA)H".dfEH".A(2Wx$ OqJD D     @ X&#%XX  0  (#$  0  2* V38Diamond TxtLine with a diamond in the center (text)A) 4dE 4A6 6 @)# #  dm)V)rtyBar3|x08. Rules of Court07. State Regulations09. Miscellaneous ?<EFG Eric'sTOC Level 2TOC Level 3TOC Level 4TOC Level 5Level 5.<*2TOC PageHeader for subsequent pages of Table of Contents OqJD D    4@ &#%XXTABLEOFCONTENTS"Continued  4 ;Page  4._Alexanderv.Choate,469U.S.287(1985) O  Wx$D D   @ X&#%XX  1    _Pursuantto [ SupremeCourtRule37.6,AmicusCuriaePacificLegal 4 Foundationaffirmsthatnocounselforanypartyinthiscase   authoredthisbriefinwholeorinpart;and,furthermore,thatno   personorentityhasmadeamonetarycontributionspecificallyfor   thepreparationorsubmissionofthisbrief.02. U.S. Constitutionn _ChesterResidentsConcernedforQualityLivingv.Seif,132F.3d925(3dCir.1997),cert.   granted,subnom.524U.S.915,vacatedasmoot,524U.S.974(1998) \_SteelCompanyv.CitizensforaBetterEnvironment,523U.S.83(1998)"48Diamond CapLine with a diamond in the center (caption) y4J  A) 4dE4A6J  Y@)#  y4=  iSteel1. Casesh132 F.3d1. CaseseAlexander1. Cases`Suter1. CasesAlexander w__Transamerica_ԀMortgageAdvisors,Inc.v.Lewis,444U.S.11(1979) _GuardiansAssociationv.CivilServiceCommissionoftheCityofNewYork,463U.S.582   (1983) ;_Bennettv.Spear,520U.S.154(1997)rBennett1. CasesqGuardians Association1. Cases C_UnitedStatesv.Fordice,505U.S.717(1992)uFordice1. Casesb<:Quotes CloseSpaced single/double closing quotes in text,ݔ ,XXԁ &X&X ,,ݔ   a_Seifv.ChesterResidentsConcernedforQualityLiving,524U.S.974(1998)48Diamond AdvVertical advance for Diamond Cap style4x524 U.S.1. Cases L_UnitedStatesv.Munsingwear,Inc.,340U.S.36(1950)4J72MastheadIn the Supreme Court of the United StatesHH?' A  0VKEA 0V?xpH y4 Zp   Z  ) Inthe M X XXXRzQXX SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates R  R%QQRzX&XQR% j+AA) 4dE 4A6 a+@)#4  a 4   )    E_DouglasCountyv.Babbitt,516U.S.1042(1996)}Douglas County v. Babbitt1. CasesHK$%A6CapacitiesCapacities of parties (e.g, Petitioner) y4J        4$2CostCode31174{Munsingwear1. Cases U__Cort_ԁv.Ash,422U.S.66(1975)Cort1. CasespLewis1. Cases V_UnitedStatesv.RonPairEnterprises,Inc.,489U.S.235(1989)Ron Pair1. Cases j_ChevronU.S.A.,Inc.v.NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil,Inc.,467U.S.837(1984)Chevron1. Cases e__Caminetti_ԁv.UnitedStates,242U.S.470(1917)Caminetti1. Cases d_CentralBankofDenverv.FirstInterstateBankofDenver,511U.S.164(1994)Central Bank of Denver1. Cases ^_PublicEmployeesRetirementSystemofOhiov.Betts,492U.S.158(1989)Betts1. Cases >_Ricev.Cayetano,120S.Ct.1044(2000)Rice v. Cayetano1. Cases 7_Shawv.Reno,509U.S.630(1993)Shaw v. Reno1. Cases c_ConsumerProductSafetyCommissionv.GTESylvania,Inc.,447U.S.102(1980)GTE Sylvania1. Cases V_UnitedStatesv.PhiladelphiaNationalBank,374U.S.321(1963)Philadelphia National Bank1. Cases K_Pattersonv.McLeanCreditUnion,491U.S.164(1989)Patterson1. Cases N_St.MarysHonorCenterv.Hicks,509U.S.502(1993)St. Marys Honor Center1. Cases>ؕ4Text BodyJust/Para Spacing/Tab Set for body of document   X __Helvering_ԁv._Hallock_,309U.S.106(1940)Helvering1. Cases &_Ala.Const.amend.5095093. State ConstitutionsCentral Bank of Denver _JimmyWhite,Comment:EnvironmentalJustice:IsDisparateImpactEnough?,50MercerL.   Rev.1155(1999)White9. Miscellaneous &_42U.S.C.2000d12000d-14. Federal Statutes j_Babbittv.SweetHomeChapterofCommunitiesforaGreatOregon,515U.S.687(1995)Sweet Home1. Casesv>6TOA HeaderHeader for Table of Authorities      X&h%XX@~~   TABLEOFAUTHORITIES     !!G(#Page XX%&h    !USUS.,  _ Y"44D D    `x  c D D XX  No.  991908    |J7H 4 ?' A  0VKEA  0V?x  4. F  . F   ) Inthe ! 9 X XXXRzQXX SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates  & >   R%QQRzX&XQR%e}A) 4dE4A65M@@)#Xp5M Xp)     JAMESALEXANDER,inhisofficialcapacityasthe  DirectoroftheAlabamaDepartmentofPublicSafety,and  theALABAMADEPARTMENTOFPUBLICSAFETY,Vn Vn %A  %A BZ    X   Petitioners,  %A݌   Ќ    v.<     MARTHA_SANDOVAL_,individuallyandonbehalfofall   otherssimilarlysituated,|   |  %A  %A[h    X   Respondent. %A[v݌   Ќ    jLdA) 4dE4A6Ld@@)#?W  ?W    OnPetitionforWritofCertioraritotheUnitedStates  CourtofAppealsfortheEleventhCircuit    j1IA) 4dE4A6g1I@@)#g$<  $<   BRIEFAMICUSCURIAEOFPACIFICLEGAL  FOUNDATIONANDCENTERFOREQUAL  OPPORTUNITYINSUPPORTOFPETITIONER p   p   j!\!tA) 4dE"4A6,"D!@@)#O"g,"D"O"g  "" "  "G  XX&(  D D ( D D    OfCounsel # MarkT.Gallagher Q$i  PacificLegalFoundation %-  10360Old_Placerville_ԀRoad, %   Suite100 &  Sacramento,California95827 a'y  Telephone:(916)3622833 %(=  Facsimile:(916)3622932 ( JohnH._Findley_  #  2 CounselofRecord Q$i  2 PacificLegalFoundation %-  2 10360Old_Placerville_ԀRoad, %  2   Suite100 &   2 Sacramento,California95827 a'y!  2 Telephone:(916)3622833 %(="  2 Facsimile:(916)3622932 (# (  D D (  CounselforAmiciCuriae  |0*0*H q* A)@ h+0PKE@ h+0PA  0*H # D D 8 XXdd8X&X     _Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    Bs  QUESTIONPRESENTEDBs9 &! '   Ԍ   Ќ , ,  X&X%&#   WhetherCongressintendedtocreateaprivatecauseof 2 D actioninfederalcourtagainstastateagencythatreceives  0 federalgrantfunds,therebyallowingaprivateindividualto   enforcedisparateeffectregulationspromulgatedbyfederal   agenciesunderSection602oftheCivilRightsActof1964  andbypassthefederalagencyreviewandenforcement  processestablishedbyCongress.    NS    $h$&#%XX&@" TABLEOFCONTENTS    ;Page         ?&    ?o 4 8 $ 4 D   QUESTIONPRESENTED#``>.'$ $ #i?o' Ԍ   Ќ  ?&    ?g 4 8 $ 4 D   TABLEOFAUTHORITIES#<.)$ $ #iii?g'N wԌ N ` Ќ  ?&    ?c 4 8 $ 4 D   INTERESTOFAMICICURIAE#88>.-$ $ #1?c'sԌ  Ќ  ?&    ?a 4 8 $ 4 D   INTRODUCTION#88>.!$ $ #2?a'qԌ   Ќ  ?&    ?S 4 8 $ 4 D   STATEMENTOFTHECASE#88>.::*$ $ #4?Sz'cԌ ,  Ќ  ?&    ?N 4 8 $ 4 D   SUMMARYOFARGUMENT#88>.||)$ $ #6?Nu'^^Ԍ ^p  Ќ  ?&    ?H 4 8 $ 4 D   ARGUMENT#88>.TT$ $ #7?Ho'XԌ   Ќ  <& 8   <6 4 I  ۈ.8 $   THISCOURTHASNOTYETDECIDED   WHETHERTHEREISANIMPLIEDCAUSE   OFACTIONTOENFORCEAGENCY   REGULATIONSPROMULGATEDUNDER n  SECTION602OFTITLEVI#88>.0$ $ #7<6]'8FԌ FX Ќ  <& `   <  4 II  ۈ.8 $   INATTEMPTINGTODETERMINEWHETHER  CONGRESSINTENDEDTOCREATEAPRIVATE bt CAUSEOFACTION,LOWERCOURTSHAVE :L MISAPPLIEDTHISCOURTSPRECEDENT#=.:$ $ #11< G'`0Ԍ $ Ќ  ?&    ?  4 8 $ 4 D   CONCLUSION#=.$ $ #16? !'V!Ԍ Vh Ќ  c    @ S    $ h$&#%%&#@~~   TABLEOFAUTHORITIES "Ԉ    ;Page X&X%&#Ԉ     @( Cases    #   0&    0#8 4 D   Alexanderv.Choate,469U.S.287(1985)#<.rr=4 4 #780##'l #Ԍ l ~ Ќ  0&    0$8 4 D   Babbittv.SweetHomeChapterofCommunities  foraGreatOregon,515U.S.687(1995)#00>.>4 4 #20$$'$Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0%8 4 D   Bennettv.Spear,520U.S.154(1997)#00>.00:4 4 #20%!&' &Ԍ .  Ќ  0&    0&8 4 D   Caminettiv.UnitedStates,242U.S.470(1917)#=.BBD4 4 #120&''~'Ԍ ~  Ќ  0&    0'8 4 D   CentralBankofDenverv.FirstInterstateBank   ofDenver,511U.S.164(1994)#9.54 4 #13,150'('(Ԍ   Ќ  0&    02)8 4 D   ChesterResidentsConcernedforQualityLivingv. .@  Seif,132F.3d925(3dCir.1997),cert.granted, ,  subnom.524U.S.915,vacatedasmoot,  524U.S.974(1998)#..*4 4 #3,5,89,11,1402)Y)'.B)Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0+8 4 D   ChevronU.S.A.,Inc.v.NaturalResourcesDefense Tf Council,Inc.,467U.S.837(1984)#00>.  94 4 #20+*+'T+Ԍ @R Ќ  0&    0?,8 4 D   ConsumerProductSafetyCommissionv.  GTESylvania,Inc.,447U.S.102(1980)#:.>4 4 #13140?,f,'O,Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0x-8 4 D   Cortv.Ash,422U.S.66(1975)#=.4444 4 #110x--'-Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0l.8 4 D   Curetonv.NCAA,198F.3d107(3dCir.1999)#00>.A4 4 #10l..'R |.Ԍ R d Ќ  0&    0l/8 4 D   DouglasCountyv.Babbitt,516U.S.1042(1996)#00>.D4 4 #20l//'!|/Ԍ !  Ќ  0&    0o08 4 D   GuardiansAssociationv.CivilServiceCommission #(" oftheCityofNewYork,463U.S.582(1983)#00>.RRC4 4 #70o00'#0Ԍ $# Ќ  0&    018 4 D   Helveringv.Hallock,309U.S.106(1940)#=.>4 4 #15011'd%1Ԍ d%v% Ќ  0&    028 4 D   Pattersonv.McLeanCreditUnion, &' 491U.S.164(1989)#=.+4 4 #15022'&2Ԍ '( Ќ  0&    038 4 D   PublicEmployeesRetirementSystemofOhiov. )&* Betts,492U.S.158(1989)#=.14 4 #13034')4Ԍ * + Ќ  0&    0&58 4 D   Ricev.Cayetano,120S.Ct.1044(2000)#00>.  =4 4 #20&5M5' 65Ԍ   Ќ  0&    0"68 4 D   Sandovalv.Hagan,197F.3d484 d b (11thCir.1999)#jj1.BB'4 4 #26,9,11,150"6I6'd 26Ԍ PN Ќ  0&    0f78 4 D   Seifv.ChesterResidentsConcernedfor  QualityLiving,524U.S.974(1998)#=.:4 4 #100f77'v7Ԍ  Ќ  0&    088 4 D   Shawv.Reno,509U.S.630(1993)#00>.HH64 4 #2088'8Ԍ  Ќ  0&    098 4 D   St.MarysHonorCenterv.Hicks, b`  509U.S.502(1993)#00>.*4 4 #2099'b9Ԍ NL  Ќ  0&    0:8 4 D   SteelCompanyv.CitizensforaBetter   Environment,523U.S.83(1998)#00>.64 4 #20::':Ԍ   Ќ  0&    0 <8 4 D   Suterv.ArtistM.,503U.S.347(1992)#=.jj<4 4 #110 <1<'<Ԍ   Ќ  0&    0=8 4 D   TransamericaMortgageAdvisors,Inc.v. `^  Lewis,444U.S.11(1979)#=.nn04 4 #110=-='`=Ԍ LJ Ќ  0&    0B>8 4 D   UnitedStatesv.Fisher,6U.S.358(1805)#00>.nn?4 4 #20B>i>'R>Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0@?8 4 D   UnitedStatesv.Fordice,505U.S.717(1992)#00>.B4 4 #80@?g?'P?Ԍ  Ќ  0&    0A@8 4 D   UnitedStatesv.Munsingwear,Inc., rp 340U.S.36(1950)#=.66)4 4 #100A@h@'rQ@Ԍ ^\ Ќ  0&    0vA8 4 D   UnitedStatesv.PhiladelphiaNationalBank,   374U.S.321(1963)#=.*4 4 #140vAA' AԌ ! Ќ  0&    0B8 4 D   UnitedStatesv.RonPairEnterprises,Inc., #  489U.S.235(1989)#=.*4 4 #120BB'#BԌ #  Ќ  0&    0C8 4 D   ValeriaG.v.Wilson,12F.Supp.2d1007 \%Z" (N.D.Cal.1998)#<.xx'4 4 #120CD'\%CԌ H&F# Ќ  #@$ Constitutions  '% g   jE5   0&    0E8 4 D   Ala.Const.amend.509#00>.+4 4 #40EE' )EԌ  ) ' Ќ  0&    0F8 4 D   0FF'n*FԌn*l)4 4  Ќ  0&    09G8 4 D   @&4 4  Statutes 09G`G' IGԌ   Ќ  42U.S.C.2000d00>.&7 d b  E;   0&    0}H8 4 D    4 %  2000d1#:.dd 4 4 #12130}HH'HԌ  Ќ  0&    0tI8 4 D   @%4 4  Regulations 0tII'(IԌ (& Ќ  28C.F.R.42.104(b)(2)00>.  -4  0&    0J8 4 D   49C.F.R.21.5(b)(2)#00>.DD+4 4 #40JJ'JԌ   Ќ  0&    0}K8 4 D   @(4 4  Rules 0}KK'NKԌ NL  Ќ  qH:   lL>   L   L   0&    0L8 4 D   UnitedStatesSupremeCourtRule10(c)#00>.;4 4 #60L#M' MԌ   Ќ  0&    0M8 4 D    4 Rule37.3#00>.>> 4 4 #10MN'NԌ   Ќ  0&    0N8 4 D    4 Rule37.6#00>.>> 4 4 #10NN'tNԌ tr  Ќ  L@$ Miscellaneous       0&    0P8 4 D   BadfordC.Mank,IsThereaPrivateCauseof 86 ActionUnderEPAsTitleVIRegulations?: $" TheNeedtoEmpowerEnvironmentalJustice  Plaintiffs,24Colum.J.Envtl.L.1(1999)#:.xxC4 4 #9,140PDP'8-PԌ  Ќ  0&    0Q8 4 D   JimmyWhite,Comment:Environmental ^\ Justice:IsDisparateImpactEnough?, J H 50MercerL.Rev.1155(1999)#00>.44 4 #90Q R'^QԌ 6!4 Ќ  P )T   "  " "     Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    Bs!T  INTERESTOFAMICICURIAEBs!TT &T ' MT  Ԍ   Ќ , ,  X&X%&#   Pursuantto J SupremeCourtRule37.3,PacificLegal 2 D Foundation(PLF)andtheCenterforEqualOpportunity  0 respectfullysubmitthisbriefamicicuriaeinsupportof   Petitioner.f #  1      ׀Writtenconsentforamiciparticipationinthiscase   hasbeenobtainedfromallpartiesandhasbeenlodgedwiththe  ClerkoftheCourt.   PacificLegalFoundationisthelargestandmost 0B  experiencednonprofitpublicinterestlawfoundationofitskind .  inAmerica.Foundedin1973,PLFprovidesavoiceinthe   courtsformainstreamAmericanswhobelieveinlimited   government,privatepropertyrights,individualfreedom,and   freeenterprise.PLFlitigatesnationwideinstateandfederal   courtswiththesupportofthousandsofcitizensfromcoastto   coast.PLFisheadquarteredinSacramento,California,andhas   officesinMiami,Florida;Honolulu,Hawaii;Bellevue,  Washington;andaliaisonofficeinAnchorage,Alaska. |  AttorneysforPacificLegalFoundationhavepreviously  litigatedquestionsregardingthescopeandmeaningofTitleVI  oftheCivilRightsActof1964.Forexample,PacificLegal  FoundationattorneysrepresentedtheCaliforniaStateBoardof  EducationinacaseallegingthatCaliforniasProposition227,  aninitiativereplacingbilingualeducationwithEnglish z emersion,violatedfederalregulationspromulgatedpursuantto f x Section602ofTitleVI. Q ValeriaG.v.Wilson,12F.Supp.2d R!d 1007(N.D.Cal.1998).PacificLegalFoundationalso >"P participatedasamicusin _ Curetonv.NCAA,198F.3d107 *#< (3dCir.1999),acaseallegingthatminimumstandardized $( testingscoreshadadisparateimpactonAfricanAmerican % studentathletesinviolationofregulationspromulgatedunder   Section602oftheCivilRightsAct.    PLFhasalonghistoryofadvocacybeforethisCourtand < N hasparticipatedinnumerouscasesinvolvingtheinterpretation ( : offederallaws.Forexample,PLFwasamicuscuriaein k Steel & Companyv.CitizensforaBetterEnvironment,523U.S.  83(1998); s Bennettv.Spear,520U.S.154(1997); ~ Douglas  Countyv.Babbitt,516U.S.1042(1996);  Babbittv.Sweet  HomeChapterofCommunitiesforaGreatOregon,515U.S.   687(1995);and  ChevronU.S.A.,Inc.v.NaturalResources   DefenseCouncil,Inc.,467U.S.837(1984).    TheCenterforEqualOpportunity(CEO)isan   unincorporatedprojectoftheEqualOpportunityFoundation,   Inc.,aDistrictofColumbianonprofitcorporation.CEOsmain   purposeistostudyissuesconcerningrace,ethnicity,and   language.CEOhasparticipatedactivelyincasesinvolvingthe  questionofwhetherregulationspromulgatedpursuantto  Section602ofTitleVIcreateaprivaterightofaction.   9 ValeriaG.v.Wilson,12F.Supp.2d1007.CEOhaspreviously r litigatedcivilrightscasesbeforethisCourt.Forexample,CEO ^p wasamicuscuriaein  Ricev.Cayetano,120S.Ct.1044(2000); J\   Shawv.Reno,509U.S.630(1993);and  St.MarysHonor 6H Centerv.Hicks,509U.S.502(1993). "4  PLFandCEObelievetheirpublicpolicyperspectiveand   litigationexperiencewillprovideanadditionalviewpointon p! thelegalissuespresented. \"n Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    A@ CPBsAg  INTRODUCTIONBsAgg &g '#mg  Ԍ # Ќ , ,  X&X%&#   ThiscasereaffirmsChiefJusticeMarshallsobservation %  fromnearlytwocenturiesagothat [w]herethemindlaboursto %! discoverthedesignofthelegislature,itseizeseverythingfrom &" whichaidcanbederived. V UnitedStatesv.Fisher,6U.S.358, '# 386(1805).Thecourtbelowwasconfrontedwiththequestion ($ ofwhetherthereis animpliedprivatecauseofactionto )% enforceagencyregulationspromulgatedunderSection602of   TitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964,42U.S.C.2000d1.    X Sandovalv.Hagan,197F.3d484,502(11thCir.1999).In   answeringthisquestionthecourtlookedtotheThirdCircuit   CourtofAppealsdecisionin l ChesterResidentsConcernedfor   QualityLivingv.Seif,132F.3d925(3dCir.1997),cert.  granted,subnom.524U.S.915,vacatedasmoot,524U.S.974 v (1998). bt  TheSeifcourthadconcludedthataprivaterightofaction   toenforceagencyregulationspromulgatedunderSection602   ofTitleVIdoesexist.Thisdecisionwasbased,innosmall   part,onwhattheThirdCircuitperceivedtobeCongressintent   tocreatesuchaprivatecauseofaction.Inreachingthis t  decision,however,theThirdCircuitmisappliedthisCourts `r  teachingsonthepropermethodofdetermininglegislative L^  intent.Specifically,theThirdCircuitlookedonlytothe 8J congressionalhistorysurroundingthe1987amendmentsto $6 TitleVIanddidnot,asthisCourtsprecedentsrequire,lookto " theintentoftheCongressthatinitiallypassedtheCivilRights  Actof1964.TheThirdCircuitserrorhasbeencompounded  bythedecisionbelow,whichdoesnotmakeanindependent  reviewofcongressionalintentbutinsteadreliesupontheThird  Circuitsreasoning.     AsboththecourtbelowandtheThirdCircuitrecognized,   thisCourthasneversquarelyaddressedtheissueofwhether   TitleVIcreatesaprivatecauseofactiontoenforcedisparate ! impactregulations. = Sandoval,197F.3dat504(notingthatthis " Court hasyettosquarelyanswerthisquestion);Seif, R 132F.3d # at932( applicableSupremeCourtprecedentisnot $ dispositive).Intheabsenceofguidingprecedentfromthis % Court,lowercourtshaveandwillcontinuetostrugglewiththe &  questionofwhetheranimpliedprivatecauseofactionexiststo n'! enforceSection602regulations.Inthispursuitcourtswill(and Z(l" have)seizeeverythingfromwhichaidcanbederived,including F)X# theerroneousdecisionissuedbytheThird,andnowthe 2*D $ Eleventh,CircuitCourtsofAppeals.ThisCourtshouldgrant   thepetitionforwritofcertiorariinordertodecidethis   importantfederalquestion.   Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    Bs*w  STATEMENTOFTHECASEBs*ww &w '( Vw  Ԍ ( : Ќ , ,  X&X%&#   ThepeopleoftheStateofAlabamaamendedtheir l~ constitutiontomakeEnglishtheofficiallanguageofthestate. Xj   Ala.Const.amend.509.Pursuanttothisamendment,the DV AlabamaDepartmentofPublicSafetyadoptedapolicy 0B  requiringthatthestatesdriverslicenseexaminationbegiven .  onlyinEnglish. = Sandoval,197F.3dat488.MarthaSandoval   filedsuitagainsttheAlabamaDepartmentofPublicSafetyand   itsdirectorL.N.Hagan,challengingthispolicyonbehalfof   herselfandallotherssimilarlysituated.Thesuitallegedthat   Alabamaspolicydiscriminatedonthebasisofnationalorigin   inviolationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStates   Constitution,TitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964,andits  implementingregulations. |  TheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheMiddleDistrictof  Alabamacertifiedaclassconsistingofalllegalresidentsofthe  StateofAlabamawhoareotherwisequalifiedtoobtaina  privatevehicledriverslicensebutcannotdosobecauseofthe  Englishlanguagetestingrequirement. = Id.at488.Thedistrict  courtruledthattherewasanimpliedrightofactiontoenforce z disparateimpactregulationspromulgatedbytheUnitedStates f x DepartmentsofJusticeandTransportation$ #  2      ׀andthatAlabamas R!d Englishonlydriverslicensetestingrequirementhada >"P disparateimpactonthebasisofnationalorigin.Thecourt *#< enjoinedtheuseoftheEnglishonlytestingpolicy. = Id.at489. $(  TheEleventhCircuitCourtofAppealsaffirmed.- #  3      ׀After   lookingtoEleventhCircuitprecedent,whichsupportedthe   claimthatanimpliedprivaterightofactionexistsunder   regulationspromulgatedpursuanttoSection602ofTitleVI,the   courtnotedthat [t]heonlyothercircuittohaveaddressedthe   issueindetailhadalsoreachedthisconclusion. = Id.at504  (citing R ChesterResidentsConcernedforQualityLivingv.Seif, v 132F.3dat93637).ThecourtexplainedthattheSeifcourthad bt readthisCourtsprecedentto stronglysuggestthatanimplied N` causeofactionexistsunderSection602.Id.Ratherthan :L  undertakeanindependentreviewofTitleVIslegislative &8  history,thecourtbelowwascontenttonotethat [t]heSeif $  courtthendeterminedthatanimpliedprivaterightofaction   wassupportedbothbyTitleVIslegislativeschemeand   legislativehistory. R Id.    ThecourtthenturnedtothisCourtsprecedentand 8J concluded: $6 8 AlthoughtheCourthasyettosquarelyanswerthe  questionbeforeus,webelievethataclosereadingof r Lau[v.Nichols,414U.S.563(1974)],Guardians ^p [Associationv.CivilServiceCommissionoftheCity J\ ofNewYork,463U.S.582(1983)],andAlexander6H      8 [v.Choate,469U.S.287(1985)]necessarily   establishesseveralholdingslogicallysupportingan   impliedprivatecauseofactionunderSection602of   TitleVI.     R Id. &  Afterconcludingthatanimpliedprivatecauseofaction v doesexistunderSection602,thecourtheldthatthedistrict bt courtdidnoterrinitsconclusionthattheEnglishonly N`  examinationrequirementconstitutedadisparateimpactonthe :L  basisofnationalorigin. = Sandoval,197F.3dat511. &8  Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    BsC  SUMMARYOFARGUMENTBsC & 'o  Ԍ   Ќ , ,  X&X%&#    d UnitedStatesSupremeCourtRule10(c)providesthata   petitionforwritofcertiorarimaybegrantedwhen aUnited   Statescourtofappealshasdecidedanimportantquestionof   federallawthathasnotbeen,butshouldbe,settledbythis  Court,orhasdecidedanimportantfederalquestioninaway | thatconflictswithrelevantdecisionsofthisCourt.Eachof hz theseconcernsisraisedbythiscase. Tf  First,asthecourtbelowacknowledged,thequestionof  whetherthereexistsanimpliedprivatecauseofactionto  enforceagencyregulationspromulgatedunderSection602of  TitleVIhasnotbeensquarelyansweredbythisCourt.This z claimisborneoutbytheprecedentofthisCourt,the f x observationsoflowercourtsandcommentators,aswellasthis R!d Courtsdecisiontograntthepetitionforwritofcertiorariina >"P caseraisingthisissue. *#<  Second,thecourtbelowendorsedandrelieduponthe $  ThirdCircuitsholdingthatthelegislativehistoryofTitleVI x%! supportedaconclusionthatanimpliedprivatecauseofaction d&v" doesexist.TheThirdCircuitsanalysisofwhetherCongress P'b# intendedtocreatesuchacauseofaction,however,conflicts <(N$ withtherelevantdecisionsofthisCourtregardingtheproper ():% methodofdeterminingcongressionalintent.Ratherthan *& & lookingtoevidenceprovidingsomeindicationofwhatthe   Congressoriginally enacting TitleVIin1964intended,the   ThirdCircuitreliedsolelyuponlegislativehistorygeneratedby   theCongresswhich amended TitleVIin1987.Thisformula   fordeterminingcongressionalintenthasbeenrepeatedly   disavowedbythisCourt.Becausethelowercourtsattempting  toanswerthisimportantquestionoffederallawhaveengaged v inananalysisoflegislativeintentwhichisatoddswiththe bt holdingofthisCourt,thepetitionshouldbegranted. N` Bs , ,&    &#%XX&    Bs  ARGUMENTBs & '  Ԍ   Ќ , ,  X&X%&#  I$ , ,& |   &#%XX& I         I$  THISCOURTHASNOTYETDECIDED 8J  WHETHERTHEREISANIMPLIEDCAUSE "  OFACTIONTOENFORCEAGENCY   REGULATIONSPROMULGATEDUNDER   SECTION602OFTITLEVII$ & '|   Ԍ  Ќ , ,  X&X%&#   InGuardiansAssociationthisCourtissuedahighly  fracturedopinionfromwhicha twoprongedholdingonthe  natureofthediscriminationproscribedbyTitleVIemerged.   m Alexanderv.Choate,469U.S.287,293(1985).First,this  Courtmadeclearthataprivatecauseofactionmaybebrought  pursuanttoSection601ofTitleVIoftheCivilRightsAct x of1964.1 #  4      ׀ t GuardiansAssociationv.CivilServiceCommission dv oftheCityofNewYork,463U.S.582,607n.27(1983); P b  o Alexander,469U.S.at29394.Aswithaclaimarisingunder